| Scientific Name | Leucadendron tinctum I.Williams | Higher Classification | Dicotyledons | Family | PROTEACEAE | Synonyms | Leucadendron humifusum (Meisn.) E.Phillips & Hutch. | Common Names | Spicy Conebush (e) |
National Status | Status and Criteria | Least Concern | Assessment Date | 2020/06/17 | Assessor(s) | A.G. Rebelo, H. Mtshali & L. von Staden | Justification | Leucadendron tinctum is a widespread and frequently encountered species. Although there are ongoing threats to subpopulations, it is not yet in danger of extinction and is listed as Least Concern. |
Distribution | Endemism | South African endemic | Provincial distribution | Western Cape | Range | This species is endemic to the mountains of Western Cape Province in South Africa, where it occurs across the Hex River, Hottentots Holland and Langeberg Mountains. |
Habitat and Ecology | Major system | Terrestrial | Major habitats | Potberg Sandstone Fynbos, Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation, Elim Ferricrete Fynbos, Swartberg Shale Fynbos, Elgin Shale Fynbos, Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos, Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos, Overberg Sandstone Fynbos, South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos, Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation, South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos, Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld, North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos, South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos, North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos, South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos, North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos, South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos, South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos, Kouga Sandstone Fynbos, Kango Conglomerate Fynbos, North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos | Description | It occurs on stony sandstone and shale slopes, 40-1700 m. Mature individuals are killed by fires, and only seeds survive. Seeds are released after ripening, and collected by rodents and stored in underground caches, where they are protected from fires. It is dioecious, with insect-pollinated male and female flowers occurring on separate plants. |
Threats | | At least 8% of this species' habitat been lost in past, and there is slow ongoing habitat loss recorded between 1990 and 2014. At some localities it is threatened by increasing densities of aliens invasive plants. As a reseeder, Leucadendron tinctum is potentially vulnerable to too frequent fires, as local extinctions can occur when fires repeatedly kill individuals before they reach reproductive maturity.
Drought related population declines of this species were observed during the Protea Atlas project (1992 to 2002). Modelling of habitat loss in combination with climate change predicted that this species could decline by 50% by 2025 (Bomhard et al. 2005). However such decline has not materialised. |
Population | This species is frequently encountered in large stands within suitable habitat. Although individual subpopulations have been reported to fluctuate significantly in response to fires it is too widespread from such fluctuations to impact the entire population. While threats impact on certain subpopulations the overall population is suspected to be stable.
| Population trend | Stable |
Conservation | | It is protected within Houwhoek, Riviersonderend, Salmonsdam, Heuningberg, De Hoop, Boosmansbos, Rooiberg, Groot Swartberg and Gamkaberg nature reserves, and Taayskloof Private Nature Reserve. |
Assessment History |
Taxon assessed |
Status and Criteria |
Citation/Red List version | | Leucadendron tinctum I.Williams | NT A4c | Raimondo et al. (2009) | |
Bibliography | Bomhard, B., Richardson, D.M., Donaldson, J.S., Hughes, G.O., Midgley, G.F., Raimondo, D.C., Rebelo, A.G., Rouget, M. and Thuiller, W. 2005. Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Global Change Biology 11(9):1452-1468.
Goldblatt, P. and Manning, J.C. 2000. Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
Manning, J.C. and Goldblatt, P. 2012. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape Flora. Strelitzia 29. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama, P.A. 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Rebelo, T. 2001. Sasol Proteas: A field guide to the proteas of southern Africa. (2nd ed.). Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg, Cape Town.
Vlok, J. and Schutte-Vlok, A.L. 2010. Plants of the Klein Karoo. Umdaus Press, Hatfield.
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Citation | | Rebelo, A.G., Mtshali, H. & von Staden, L. 2020. Leucadendron tinctum I.Williams. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2024/12/06 |
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